孔子简略

孔子(公元前552或前551 - 前479),名丘,字仲尼,春秋后期鲁国人。是儒学家派的创建者,中国古代最著名的思想家和教育家。孔子原属殷商一族,先世是宋国的大臣,后迁于鲁。孔子出生时家境已经衰落,但他在早年还是接受了良好的贵族教育,对传统的礼,乐,射,御,书,数六艺十分熟悉。孔子天资聪颖,又极为谦虚好学,故而学识日进。到30岁左右,已经已博学知名于世,开始招收门徒,转授《诗》,《书》,《礼》,《乐》等古代文化典籍。他一方面对以前的文化,思想资料进行系统总结,同时也结合春秋后期动荡不安的社会形势,对一系列伦理道德和社会政治问题提出自己的看法,从而创建了儒家学派。孔子早年曾在路过执政季氏手下担任管理仓储,牛羊的小官,都能恪尽职守。因鲁国内乱,一度旅居齐国。后仍回鲁国收徒讲学,门下弟子达三千之众。年过50后,一度被鲁国国君委以官职,做到司寇,主管鲁国司法工作。他希望加强国君权威,消弱卿大夫权力,与当政的季氏等三家大夫产生矛盾,最终被迫弃官离开鲁国。这段做官的时间,大约不超出五年。此后,孔子为了推行自己的政治理想,奔走各国,先后到过卫,曹,宋,郑,陈,蔡,楚等诸侯国,并曾在卫国,陈国停留了较长时间。然而,他始终没有得到机会参与各国的政治活动,也没有找到贤明的君主来实现自己的政治主张,一般只是被供养起来装点门面,还有很多时候备受冷遇和迫害。在这段时间里,孔子坚持不懈地进行治学和教育,与弟子们反复探讨人生,社会的重大问题,留下了不少著名的言论。在公元前484年,经过大约14年的流浪生涯之后,孔子终于重返鲁国,将余生精力贯注于文化,教育事业。他一边继续讲学,一边整理文化典籍,对《诗》,《书》,《礼》,《乐》,《易》,《春秋》六部古籍进行删订,编成最后的教材定本。晚年的孔子在鲁国受到较高规格的礼遇,但仍没有得到真正的重用。生活上也迭遭不幸,独子孔鲤和两个重要弟子颜渊,子路都先他而死。公元前479年,孔子病逝于家中。鲁哀公专门写了悼词,弟子们为孔子举行隆重的葬礼,并守孝三年。

Tuesday, January 20, 2009

道祖太上老君传略

道祖姓李名耳,谥聘。周楚苦县濑乡曲仁里人。母怀孕八十二年,生而白首故称老子,周时为守藏史。通礼乐。盛德犹龙。孔子师之,学以自隐,无名为务。周昭王二十三年。驾青牛。过函谷关。至关令尹喜曰:“子将隐疾。强为我着书”于是着道德经上下篇。共五千言。乃玄莫知其所终本不以宗教各。自东汉张道陵以符禄禁咒之法行世,乃有道教教民之立奉老聘为教祖。其哲火包括儒释之精髓。而道者,乃其所称谓一定之理,犹道路为人所曲也其旨惟[抱一],抱一者惟何?即德念,德化,德行之德耳!其道非他,乃道本于道,非德则非道,无德则无道:故道德经上下二篇,为后世宣扬德教者之楷模。唐德宗时。柳师浑。倡明德教,尊崇老子为教祖,而奉行教化普及人间。
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Laozi was a native of Chu State. His surname was "Li" and his given name was "Er". He lived during the Zhou dynasty (ca. 11th century BC - 256 BC), and acted as the head of the state library. It was said that after consulting Laozi about etiquette, Confucius (551 - 479 B.C.E) likened him to a "Dragon". Laozi learning was devoted to self-effacement and not having fame. After witnessing the decline of Zhou, Laozi departed on an oxen to travel westward. In response to a request from Yinxi, a guardian of the Western Pass, Laozi wrote a book in two sections dealing with Dao: the Book of Dao and its Virtue (Dao De Jing). In later times, this book became the most important scripture of religious Daoism. Religious Daoism regards Laozi as its founder; accordingly, he is revered as the "Supreme Venerable Sovereign (Tai Shang Lao Jun)'.